Microcontroller
Microcontrollers
is an integrated chip containing all components which mainly includes CPU, RAM,
ROM,I/O ports and timers. Microcontrollers have wide applications in embedded
system such as personal computers and other researching works etc.
Block
diagram:
The block diagram of a microcontroller
express the inner functioning if memory segmentation and logical operations.
In one chip
all the microcontroller components are built. The components of microcontroller
are
1.CPU:
CPU mean Central Processing Unit. It is
the brain for microcontroller. The CPU us inbuilt with elements and controls
all the operations.
The elements
inbuilt in CPU are
ALU: Arthematic logic unit which performs
the mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division and also performs logical operations such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND.
Program
counter: It stores the
16-bit data address and keep in track of the program sequence.
Stack
pointer: Pointer is a
variable which stores the address of another variable. The stack pointer stores
up to 8-bit address where the last data was stored.
Accumulator: It is a register with 8-bit which
perform the action of automatic storage of any mathematical operation.
Registers: Registers are the storaging unit. There ate number if registers in CPU
which stores the various data, the registers mainly used are general purpose
registers.
Timing
& Control: The
timing and control perform the internal operation with frequency of clock
signal and data flow control of microcontroller.
2.Oscillator
circuit:
Oscillator circuit is also known as
clock generator which generates the clock pulses to perform the microcontroller
operation. Oscillator circuit inbuilt with many electrical components and
frequency resonator. This frequency resonator decides the functioning speed and
clock pulse frequency.
3.Internal
ROM and RAM:
In a microcontroller chip certain
amount of memory is provided which stores data and programming code. This
memory is named as chip memory.
ROM: Read only memory is the on chip memory
which stores the program instructions and it reads the program when device in
running condition.
RAM: Random access memory is on chip
memory, it stores the data. This is also known as on chip data memory.
4.Timers
and Counters:
These are 2 byte registers used in program
to determine the time period or calculation of number of events such as Pulse
width measurement, frequency measurement, pulses counting etc..
5.Interrupt
logic circuitry:
It is a logic circuit which senses
interrupts in microcontroller. This logic circuit consists of interrupt enable
register, interrupt priority registers and other elements.
6.Serial and parallel I/O ports:
Microcontroller consists of serial I/O
ports which the external devices can be interfaced to microcontroller and transfers
the data in bit and byte forms respectively.
Features
of 8051:
*This
microcontroller has 4096 bytes of ROM and 128 bytes of RAM.
*8051 has 16-bit timers/counters, 32-bit
bidirectional I/O line organized as four 8-bit parts.
*It posses
four register banks and have direct byte and bit address ability.
*With 12MHZ
crystal, it posses one microsecond instruction cycle.
*It posses
two level prioritized interrupt structure.
*128 user
defined software flags are available
*It consist
of multiple mode, high speed programble serial port, parity computing features.
Advantages:
1.Microcontroller
inbuilt with RAM, ROM and peripheral devices
2.The size
of PCB for microcontroller is less due to less hardware requirements.
3.The cost
is less due to less requirements of hardware
4.It
consists of many bit handling functions so controlling is more
effective
5.The puns
in microcontroller are multi-functioned
6.The speed
of operation is high
Differences
between Microprocessors and Microcontrollers:
|
Microprocessor
|
Microcontroller
|
|
It consists of ALU, control unit,
register and interrupt circuit
|
It consists of ROM, RAM, I/O
interfacing unit and other peripheral devices
|
|
For supporting the data handling bits
only few instructions are available
|
The data handling is supported by many
instructions which are existed
|
|
Multi-functioned pins are less
|
More number of multi-functioned pins
are present
|
|
Data and program addressing modes are
same
|
Data and program addressing modes are
different
|
|
The time delay is more to access
memory and I/O devices
|
The time delay is less
|
|
More hardware components are required
hence cost is high
|
Less hardware components are required
hence cost is low
|
|
There is a flexible designing
|
The designing is typical and complex
|
|
It is not easily synchronize the
communication between the peripherals of different speeds.
|
It is easily synchronize the
communication between the peripherals of different speeds.
|
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